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Social Structure

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  There are levels of relationship beyond those of either affinal on consanguineal ties.These are groupings by age, sex, and common interest. AGE & SEX: all cultures make distinctions based on age & sex (as we learned when we spoke about division of labor) SEX:  degree of sexual segregation living arrangements division of labor menstruation taboos symbolic segregation rigidity of sex roles hunters and gatherers (flexible) horticulturalists (rigid) institutionalized homosexuality & sexual ambuguity symbolic value placed on sex roles & activities which carry greater prestige, men's or women's roles? • Iroquois example • matrilineal society, matrilocal   • women were in charge of the economy, of the house, of subsistence, of inheritance   • men in charge of hunting, warring, raiding, trading, diplomacy   • when men were in the village, they lived with and slept with the women   • men and women were separate-but-equal   • low incidence of i...
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economic systems

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  Definition : A system in which goods and services are PRODUCED, DISTRIBUTED and EXCHANGED All economic activity has   CULTURAL MEANING , and economic processes can not be understood without considering culture. How does Culture set the RULES and determine the MEANINGS and VALUES assigned to objects and actions? sentimental value religious/ritual value asthetic value (art) Desirability fad/fashion/vogue exclusivity sameness political correctness fame antiquity/novelty PRODUCTION: How does culture assign rules and meanings to production? CONTROL OF RESOURCES Patterns of labor sexual division of labor flexibility versus rigid segregation dual systems caste (varna) age commencement of work special stages of work retirement SPECIALIZATION Generalized: everyone performs the same tasks (exception= age & sex) h/g horticultural societies (small, plant based) Part-time specialization pastoral large horticultural Full-time specialization agriculture (agrarian & industrial) Coop...
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Culture Change

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  It is the conundrum of culture that it strives for EQUILIBRIUM, and yet as a living system of individuals joined together through core values, beliefs, ideas, practices and products it is ALWAYS CHANGING. So, how do cultures change? Two Ways: Diffusion  (borrowing or transmission of a trait from one culture to another).  can be through direct or indirect interaction Factors upon which diffusion is contingent (in this order) Need for change (desire or necessity for a product or practice in that culture) Availability for change (raw materials and know-how or the ability to acquire the product or practice through trade) Does not violate the WORLDVIEW of that culture Independent Invention primary innovation (chance discovery) secondary innovation (build on chance discovery) Acculturation  (Forcible change-secondary learning of culture) Change which is "forced" upon an individual or culture. Takes place in the liefetimeof an individual. Results in the following if it pe...
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