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economic systems

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  Definition : A system in which goods and services are PRODUCED, DISTRIBUTED and EXCHANGED All economic activity has   CULTURAL MEANING , and economic processes can not be understood without considering culture. How does Culture set the RULES and determine the MEANINGS and VALUES assigned to objects and actions? sentimental value religious/ritual value asthetic value (art) Desirability fad/fashion/vogue exclusivity sameness political correctness fame antiquity/novelty PRODUCTION: How does culture assign rules and meanings to production? CONTROL OF RESOURCES Patterns of labor sexual division of labor flexibility versus rigid segregation dual systems caste (varna) age commencement of work special stages of work retirement SPECIALIZATION Generalized: everyone performs the same tasks (exception= age & sex) h/g horticultural societies (small, plant based) Part-time specialization pastoral large horticultural Full-time specialization agriculture (agrarian & industrial) Coop...
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Political systems

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  Political systems   are the means through which a society maintains soscial order and reduces social disorder.To accomplish this, political systems act to do the following: SOCIAL CONTROL CONFLICT RESOLUTION  (when order is disturbed and conflict arises) This enatils having vested POWER. Power   is the ability to choose your own fate and the fate of others. Types of Power: Legitimate :  This is power vested in consensus. It is based on ones ability to persuade others. Coercive :  This is power vested in force or threat of force. Aspects of power: Informal:   Also known as "influence", not vested by the social structure.Exercised informally. Formal:  Clearly vested by the social structure, exercised formally under rules. KINDS OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS: Decentralized Systems Band nomadic hunters & gatherers informal leadership based on individual qualities and skills situational  emphasis on group HARMONY (resolving conflicts) & CONSENSUS...
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Social Structure

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  There are levels of relationship beyond those of either affinal on consanguineal ties.These are groupings by age, sex, and common interest. AGE & SEX: all cultures make distinctions based on age & sex (as we learned when we spoke about division of labor) SEX:  degree of sexual segregation living arrangements division of labor menstruation taboos symbolic segregation rigidity of sex roles hunters and gatherers (flexible) horticulturalists (rigid) institutionalized homosexuality & sexual ambuguity symbolic value placed on sex roles & activities which carry greater prestige, men's or women's roles? • Iroquois example • matrilineal society, matrilocal   • women were in charge of the economy, of the house, of subsistence, of inheritance   • men in charge of hunting, warring, raiding, trading, diplomacy   • when men were in the village, they lived with and slept with the women   • men and women were separate-but-equal   • low incidence of i...
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