kinship charts

 









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A Brief History of Anthropological Thought

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  Aspects for Comparison: In order to understand the development of anthropology as a discipline and the notion of CULTURE in particular you should have know a  brief definition of each of the major theoretical schools  that we covered in class as well as the ability to compare and contrast the theories on the basis of the following criteria: definition of culture  (singular, plural, ideological, adaptive) methodology  (how are hypotheses created and data collected) synchronic vs diachronic  (temporal focus for analysis) empirical vs speculative  (scientific method) emic  (insider)  vs etic (outsider) (perspective) It is also important to understand that theories are  culture bound  and as such are inherently  biased  because they are  a product of the culture at the time in which they are created . They ask questions that are relevant to the cultures which create them according to their understanding of the nature of...
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Social Structure

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  There are levels of relationship beyond those of either affinal on consanguineal ties.These are groupings by age, sex, and common interest. AGE & SEX: all cultures make distinctions based on age & sex (as we learned when we spoke about division of labor) SEX:  degree of sexual segregation living arrangements division of labor menstruation taboos symbolic segregation rigidity of sex roles hunters and gatherers (flexible) horticulturalists (rigid) institutionalized homosexuality & sexual ambuguity symbolic value placed on sex roles & activities which carry greater prestige, men's or women's roles? • Iroquois example • matrilineal society, matrilocal   • women were in charge of the economy, of the house, of subsistence, of inheritance   • men in charge of hunting, warring, raiding, trading, diplomacy   • when men were in the village, they lived with and slept with the women   • men and women were separate-but-equal   • low incidence of i...
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Culture Change

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  It is the conundrum of culture that it strives for EQUILIBRIUM, and yet as a living system of individuals joined together through core values, beliefs, ideas, practices and products it is ALWAYS CHANGING. So, how do cultures change? Two Ways: Diffusion  (borrowing or transmission of a trait from one culture to another).  can be through direct or indirect interaction Factors upon which diffusion is contingent (in this order) Need for change (desire or necessity for a product or practice in that culture) Availability for change (raw materials and know-how or the ability to acquire the product or practice through trade) Does not violate the WORLDVIEW of that culture Independent Invention primary innovation (chance discovery) secondary innovation (build on chance discovery) Acculturation  (Forcible change-secondary learning of culture) Change which is "forced" upon an individual or culture. Takes place in the liefetimeof an individual. Results in the following if it pe...
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